Kev ua xua ntev ntev yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev pheej hmoo rau cov kab mob plawv hauv cov neeg laus thiab kev paub tsis meej ntawm cov menyuam yaus, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij txawm tias cov hlau lead yav dhau los suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb. Hauv xyoo 2019, kev cuam tshuam cov hlau lead yog lub luag haujlwm rau 5.5 lab tus neeg tuag los ntawm cov kab mob plawv thoob ntiaj teb thiab tag nrho poob ntawm 765 lab IQ ntsiab lus hauv cov menyuam txhua xyoo.
Cov hmoov txhuas raug yuav luag txhua qhov chaw, suav nrog cov xim txhuas, cov roj lead, qee cov kav dej, ceramics, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj tsw qab, nrog rau smelting, roj teeb ntau lawm thiab lwm yam lag luam, yog li cov tswv yim ntawm cov pej xeem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom lead.
Lead lom yog ib yam kab mob thaum ub. Dioscorides, kws kho mob Greek thiab kws kho mob hauv Rome thaum ub, sau De
Materia Medica, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev kho tshuaj rau ntau xyoo lawm, tau piav qhia txog cov tsos mob ntawm kev ua xua rau cov tshuaj lom ze li ntawm 2,000 xyoo dhau los. Cov neeg uas muaj cov kab mob lead lom ntau dhau muaj kev qaug zog, mob taub hau, chim siab, mob plab heev, thiab cem quav. Thaum cov ntshav txhuas cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj 800 μg / L, cov kab mob lead ua rau mob hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau qaug zog, encephalopathy, thiab tuag.
Cov kab mob lead lom tau raug lees paub ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo dhau los ua qhov ua rau mob atherosclerosis thiab "lead toxic" gout. Ntawm autopsy, 69 ntawm 107 tus neeg mob uas muaj cov kab mob lead-induced gout tau "hardening ntawm phab ntsa hlab ntsha nrog atheromatous hloov." Xyoo 1912, William Osler (William Osler)
Osler tau sau tias "Cawv, txhuas, thiab gout ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kab mob hauv cov hlab ntsha, txawm hais tias hom kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag tsis nkag siab zoo," Osler sau. Cov kab hlau lead (ib qho xim xiav zoo ntawm cov hlau lead sulfide raws ntug ntawm cov pos hniav) yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob lead lom rau cov neeg laus.
Xyoo 1924, New Jersey, Philadelphia thiab New York City txwv tsis pub muag cov roj coj mus muag tom qab 80 feem pua ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim cov tshuaj tetraethyl lead ntawm Standard Oil hauv New Jersey tau pom tias muaj cov tshuaj lom lead ua, qee tus neeg tuag. Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 20, 1925, Hugh Cumming, tus kws phais mob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tau hu cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg sawv cev hauv kev lag luam los txiav txim siab seb puas muaj kev nyab xeeb ntxiv rau tetraethyl lead rau roj av. Yandell Henderson, tus kws kho mob lub cev thiab tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev ua tsov rog tshuaj lom neeg, ceeb toom tias "qhov ntxiv ntawm tetraethyl lead yuav maj mam nthuav tawm cov neeg coob los ua cov tshuaj lom thiab ua rau cov hlab ntsha tawv". Robert Kehoe, tus thawj coj saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm Ethyl Corporation, ntseeg tias tsoomfwv cov koomhaum yuav tsum tsis txhob txwv cov tetraethyl txhuas los ntawm lub tsheb mus txog thaum nws tau raug pov thawj muaj tshuaj lom. Kehoe tau hais tias "Cov lus nug tsis yog seb cov hmoov txhuas puas txaus ntshai, tab sis seb puas muaj qee qhov concentration ntawm cov hlau lead puas txaus ntshai," Kehoe tau hais.
Txawm hais tias cov hlau lead mining tau mus rau 6,000 xyoo, kev ua cov hmoov txhuas tau nce ntau heev nyob rau xyoo pua 20th. Cov hmoov txhuas yog cov hlau tsis zoo, siv tau los tiv thaiv cov roj los ntawm kev kub nyhiab heev, txo qis "cav cav" hauv tsheb, thauj dej haus, cov kaus poom zaub mov, ua cov xim ci ntev thiab tua kab. Hmoov tsis zoo, feem ntau ntawm cov hlau lead siv rau cov hom phiaj no xaus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Thaum kawg ntawm kev kis kab mob lead lom hauv Tebchaws Meskas, ntau pua tus menyuam tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob txhua lub caij ntuj sov rau cov kab mob encephalopathy, thiab ib feem peb ntawm lawv tau tuag.
Tib neeg tam sim no raug coj mus rau cov theem zoo tshaj li cov keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nyob rau xyoo 1960, geochemist Clair Patterson, uas siv lead ua isotopes los kwv yees lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm 4.5 billion xyoo.
Patterson tau pom tias kev lag luam mining, smelting thiab tsheb emissions ua rau atmospheric lead deposits 1,000 npaug ntau dua li tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm yav dhau nyob rau hauv cov qauv glacier core. Patterson kuj pom tias qhov concentration ntawm cov hlau lead hauv cov pob txha ntawm cov neeg hauv lub teb chaws industrialized yog 1,000 npaug ntau dua li cov neeg nyob hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej kev lag luam.
Kev cuam tshuam cov hmoov txhuas tau poob ntau dua 95% txij li xyoo 1970, tab sis cov tiam tam sim no tseem muaj 10-100 npaug ntau dua cov hmoov txhuas ntau dua li cov neeg nyob hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej kev lag luam.
Muaj qee qhov kev zam, xws li txhuas hauv aviation roj thiab mos txwv thiab cov roj teeb txhuas-acid rau cov tsheb tsav, txhuas tsis siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Europe lawm. Ntau tus kws kho mob ntseeg hais tias qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj lom tshuaj txhuas yog ib qho ntawm yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xim txhuas hauv cov tsev laus, cov roj lead hauv cov av, cov hmoov lead leached los ntawm cov kav dej, thiab cov emissions los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov incinerators tag nrho ua rau raug txhuas. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, txhuas yog emissions los ntawm smelting, roj teeb ntau lawm thiab e-kua pov tseg, thiab feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov xim, ceramics, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab fragrances. Kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias kev mob ntshav qab zib tsawg tsawg yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob plawv hauv cov neeg laus thiab kev paub tsis meej ntawm cov menyuam yaus, txawm tias nyob rau theem yav dhau los suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb lossis tsis muaj mob. Kab lus no yuav piav qhia txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis tshua muaj hlau lead lom
Tshaj tawm, nqus thiab ntim sab hauv
Qhov ncauj noj thiab nqus tau pa yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev raug txhuas. Cov menyuam mos uas muaj kev loj hlob sai thiab kev loj hlob tuaj yeem nqus tau yooj yim, thiab tsis muaj hlau lossis calcium tsis txaus tuaj yeem txhawb kev nqus cov hlau lead. Lead mimicking calcium, hlau, thiab zinc nkag mus rau hauv lub cell los ntawm calcium raws thiab hlau thauj khoom xws li divalent hlau transporter 1 [DMT1]. Cov neeg uas muaj cov kab mob genetic polymorphisms uas txhawb kev nqus hlau lossis calcium, xws li cov uas ua rau hemochromatosis, muaj cov hlau lead ntau ntxiv.
Thaum nqus tau, 95% ntawm cov hlau lead seem nyob hauv tus neeg laus lub cev yog khaws cia rau hauv cov pob txha; 70% ntawm cov hlau lead nyob hauv tus menyuam lub cev yog khaws cia rau hauv cov pob txha. Kwv yees li 1% ntawm tag nrho cov hlau lead hauv tib neeg lub cev ncig hauv cov ntshav. 99% ntawm cov hlau lead hauv cov ntshav yog nyob rau hauv cov qe ntshav liab. Tag nrho cov ntshav txhuas concentration (tshiab absorbed txhuas thiab remobilized txhuas los ntawm cov pob txha) yog feem ntau siv biomarker ntawm cov theem raug. Cov yam ntxwv uas hloov cov pob txha metabolism, xws li menopause thiab hyperthyroidism, tuaj yeem tso cov hlau lead sequestrated hauv cov pob txha, ua rau cov ntshav lead ntau ntau.
Xyoo 1975, thaum cov hmoov txhuas tseem raug ntxiv rau cov roj av, Pat Barry tau ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev tuag ntawm 129 tus neeg Askiv thiab suav lawv tag nrho cov txhuas txhuas. Qhov nruab nrab tag nrho cov load hauv ib tug txiv neej lub cev yog 165 mg, sib npaug rau qhov hnyav ntawm daim ntawv clip. Lub cev thauj khoom ntawm cov txiv neej uas muaj cov tshuaj lom tshuaj txhuas yog 566 mg, tsuas yog peb zaug ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho cov txiv neej coj mus kuaj. Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, qhov nruab nrab tag nrho load nyob rau hauv ib tug poj niam lub cev yog 104 mg. Hauv cov txiv neej thiab poj niam, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau lead hauv cov ntaub so ntswg yog nyob rau hauv lub aorta, thaum cov txiv neej cov concentration yog siab dua nyob rau hauv atherosclerotic plaques.
Qee cov pej xeem muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau dua ntawm cov tshuaj lom lead ua piv rau cov pej xeem. Cov me nyuam mos thiab cov me nyuam yaus muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau dua los ntawm kev noj cov hmoov txhuas vim yog lawv tus cwj pwm tsis noj qhov ncauj, thiab lawv yuav nqus tau txhuas ntau dua li cov menyuam loj thiab cov neeg laus. Cov menyuam yaus nyob hauv cov tsev tsis zoo uas tau tsim ua ntej xyoo 1960 muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov hmoov txhuas lom los ntawm kev noj cov xim pleev xim thiab cov hmoov lead hauv tsev. Cov neeg uas haus cov dej kais dej los ntawm cov kav dej uas muaj cov hmoov txhuas los yog nyob ze cov tshav dav hlau lossis lwm qhov chaw uas muaj cov kab mob lead, kuj tseem muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg tsawg. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov hmoov txhuas nyob hauv huab cua muaj ntau dua hauv cov zej zog sib cais dua li hauv cov zej zog sib koom ua ke. Cov neeg ua hauj lwm hauv cov smelting, roj teeb rov siv dua thiab kev tsim kho kev lag luam, nrog rau cov neeg siv phom lossis muaj cov mos txwv hauv lawv lub cev, kuj tseem muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom lead.
Lead yog thawj cov tshuaj lom neeg ntsuas hauv National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Thaum pib ntawm theem-tawm ntawm cov roj av lead, cov ntshav cov hmoov lead hauv cov ntshav poob qis los ntawm 150 μg / L hauv xyoo 1976 txog 90 xyoo 1980.
μg / L, tus lej cim. Cov ntshav lead hauv cov ntshav uas pom tias muaj feem cuam tshuam tau qis dua ob peb zaug. Xyoo 2012, Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob (CDC) tau tshaj tawm tias qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov hlau lead hauv cov menyuam yaus tsis tau txiav txim siab. CDC tau txo qis tus qauv rau cov ntshav lead ntau ntau hauv cov menyuam yaus - feem ntau siv los qhia tias yuav tsum tau ua kom txo tau cov hmoov txhuas - los ntawm 100 μg / L txog 50 μg / L hauv xyoo 2012, thiab mus rau 35 μg / L hauv 2021. Qhov txo qis ntawm cov qauv rau cov ntshav ntau dhau ntawm cov hlau lead cuam tshuam peb qhov kev txiav txim siab tias daim ntawv no yuav siv ntau dua g μg / L. siv μg / dL, uas qhia txog cov pov thawj dav dav ntawm cov hlau lead toxicity ntawm qib qis.
Kev tuag, mob thiab kev tsis taus
Paul Mushak thiab Annemarie F. Crocetti, ob tus tswvcuab ntawm National Board of Air Quality tau xaiv los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Jimmy Carter, hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau Congress xyoo 1988. Lub peev xwm los ntsuas cov qib txhuas hauv cov ntshav, hniav thiab pob txha qhia txog ntau yam teeb meem kev kho mob cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob qis hauv tib neeg lub cev. Tsawg theem ntawm cov hmoov lead lom yog qhov ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev yug menyuam ntxov, nrog rau kev paub tsis meej thiab tsis pom kev tsis txaus siab hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), nce ntshav siab thiab txo qis lub plawv dhia hauv cov menyuam yaus. Hauv cov neeg laus, qis qis ntawm cov tshuaj lom lead ua rau lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, kub siab thiab kab mob plawv.
Kev loj hlob thiab neurodevelopment
Ntawm qhov ntau ntawm cov hlau lead uas feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, kev raug lead yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev yug ntxov ntxov. Nyob rau hauv ib tug yav tom ntej Canadian yug pawg neeg, ib tug 10 μg / L nce nyob rau hauv leej niam cov ntshav lead theem yog txuam nrog 70% nce kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yug ntxov ntxov. Rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub uas muaj cov vitamin D hauv cov ntshav qis dua 50 mmol / L thiab cov ntshav lead hauv cov ntshav nce ntxiv los ntawm 10 μg / L, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yug menyuam ntxov ntxov nce mus txog peb zaug.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj cov tsos mob tshwm sim ntawm kev lom tshuaj txhuas, Needleman li al. pom tias cov menyuam yaus uas muaj cov hlau lead ntau dua tuaj yeem tsim kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua li cov menyuam yaus uas muaj cov hlau lead hauv qis dua, Thiab feem ntau yuav raug ntaus nqi raws li cov kws qhia ntawv tsis zoo hauv cov cheeb tsam xws li kev cuam tshuam, kev txawj ua haujlwm, kev xav tsis zoo thiab lwm yam kev coj cwj pwm. Kaum xyoo tom qab, cov menyuam yaus hauv cov pab pawg uas muaj cov kab mob dentin siab dua yog 5.8 npaug ntau dua yuav muaj dyslexia thiab 7.4 npaug ntau dua yuav tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntau dua li cov menyuam hauv pab pawg uas muaj cov hlau lead qis dua.
Qhov piv ntawm kev paub txog kev poob qis kom nce qib txhuas ntau dua hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj cov hlau lead tsawg. Hauv kev txheeb xyuas ntawm xya lub neej yav tom ntej, kev nce qib ntawm cov hlau lead hauv ntshav los ntawm 10 μg / L mus rau 300 μg / L tau cuam tshuam nrog 9-point txo qis hauv cov menyuam yaus IQ, tab sis qhov loj tshaj (qis qis dua 6-point) tshwm sim thaum cov ntshav lead qib thawj zaug nce 100 μg / L. Cov koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zoo sib xws rau kev paub txog kev poob qis uas cuam tshuam nrog ntsuas cov qib txhuas hauv cov pob txha thiab ntshav.
Lead exposure yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo rau kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo xws li ADHD. Hauv ib lub teb chaws tus neeg sawv cev hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov me nyuam hnub nyoog 8 txog 15 xyoos, cov me nyuam uas muaj cov ntshav lead ntau dua 13 μg / L yog ob zaug yuav muaj ADHD li cov neeg uas muaj cov ntshav lead hauv qhov qis tshaj quintile. Hauv cov menyuam yaus no, kwv yees li 1 ntawm 5 tus neeg mob ADHD tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau kev kis tus kabmob.
Kev cuam tshuam rau menyuam yaus yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo, nrog rau kev coj tus cwj pwm cuam tshuam nrog kev coj tsis zoo, kev ua phem, thiab kev coj ua txhaum cai. Hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam meta-kev soj ntsuam ntawm 16 cov kev tshawb fawb, cov ntshav lead hauv cov ntshav siab tau cuam tshuam nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo hauv cov menyuam yaus. Hauv ob txoj kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej, cov ntshav lead ntau dua lossis cov kab mob dentin lead hauv menyuam yaus tau cuam tshuam nrog ntau dua ntawm kev ua txhaum cai thiab raug ntes hauv cov hluas.
Kev ua rau cov hlau lead ntau dua hauv cov menyuam yaus tau cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis ntawm lub hlwb (tejzaum nws yog vim qhov txo qis ntawm cov neuron loj thiab dendrite branching), thiab cov paj hlwb txo qis mus rau hauv cov neeg laus. Hauv kev tshawb fawb uas suav nrog cov neeg laus, cov ntshav siab dua lossis cov pob txha ua rau muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev paub txog kev poob qis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg uas nqa APOE4 allele. Kev kis kab mob rau menyuam yaus thaum ntxov tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev tsim kab mob Alzheimer's lig, tab sis cov pov thawj tsis meej.
Nephropathy
Lead exposure yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo rau kev tsim kab mob raum ntev. Cov teebmeem nephrotoxic ntawm cov hlau lead yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev intranuclear suav nrog lub raum raum, tubule interstitial fibrosis thiab lub raum tsis ua haujlwm ntev. Ntawm cov neeg uas tau koom nrog NHANES qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm xyoo 1999 thiab 2006, cov neeg laus uas muaj cov ntshav lead hauv cov ntshav siab tshaj 24 μg / L yog 56% feem ntau yuav muaj qhov txo qis glomerular pom (<60 mL / [min·1.73 m2]) dua li cov neeg uas muaj ntshav txhuas hauv qab 11 μg / L. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej, cov neeg uas muaj cov ntshav txhuas siab dua 33 μg / L muaj 49 feem pua siab dua ntawm kev tsim kab mob raum ntev dua li cov neeg uas muaj cov ntshav lead hauv qis.
Kab mob plawv
Lead induced cellular hloov yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntshav siab thiab atherosclerosis. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb hauv chaw soj nstuam, qhov qis qis ntawm cov hlau lead ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab oxidative, txo cov qib ntawm bioactive nitric oxide, thiab induce vasoconstriction los ntawm activating protein kinase C, ua rau mob ntshav siab. Lead exposure inactivates nitric oxide, nce hydrogen peroxide tsim, inhibits endothelial kho, impairs angiogenesis, txhawb thrombosis, thiab ua rau atherosclerosis (Daim duab 2).
Ib qho kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro tau pom tias cov kab mob endothelial nyob hauv ib puag ncig nrog cov hlau lead ntau ntawm 0.14 txog 8.2 μg / L rau 72 teev ua rau cov cell membrane puas (cov kua muag me me los yog perforations pom los ntawm scanning electron microscopy). Txoj kev tshawb no muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ultrastructural uas tau nqus cov hmoov txhuas los yog cov hlau lead rov qab nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav los ntawm cov pob txha tuaj yeem ua rau endothelial dysfunction, uas yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntxov tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm atherosclerotic lesions. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntu ntu ntawm tus qauv tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg laus uas muaj cov ntshav coj nruab nrab ntawm 27 μg / L thiab tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm cov kab mob plawv, cov ntshav lead hauv cov ntshav nce ntxiv 10%.
Ntawm μg, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlab ntsha loj heev (piv txwv li, Agatston tus qhab nia> 400 nrog cov qhab nia ntawm 0 [0 qhia tias tsis muaj calcification] thiab cov qhab nia siab dua qhia ntau dua calcification ntau dua) yog 1.24 (95% kev ntseeg siab ntawm 1.01 txog 1.53).
Lead exposure yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo loj rau kev tuag los ntawm kab mob plawv. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1988 thiab 1994, 14,000 Asmeskas cov neeg laus tau koom nrog NHANES daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas thiab tau ua raws li 19 xyoo, ntawm 4,422 tuag. Ib ntawm tsib tus neeg tuag los ntawm kab mob plawv. Tom qab hloov kho rau lwm yam kev pheej hmoo, nce ntshav cov hmoov txhuas los ntawm 10 feem pua mus rau 90 feem pua tau cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag los ntawm kab mob plawv. Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob plawv thiab kab mob plawv tuag nce siab thaum cov hlau lead qis dua 50 μg / L, tsis muaj qhov tseeb (Figures 3B thiab 3C). Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias ib lub hlis twg ntawm ib lab tus neeg mob plawv tuag ntxov ntxov txhua xyoo yog vim muaj cov kab mob ua rau tsis zoo. Ntawm cov no, 185,000 tuag los ntawm kab mob plawv.
Lead exposure tej zaum yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj vim li cas cov kab mob plawv tuag thawj zaug tau nce thiab tom qab ntawd poob rau xyoo pua dhau los. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov kab mob plawv tuag tau nce siab hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nce siab hauv xyoo 1968, thiab tom qab ntawd poob qis zuj zus. Tam sim no nws yog 70 feem pua ntawm nws qhov siab tshaj xyoo 1968. Cov hmoov txhuas raug rau cov roj av txhuas tau cuam tshuam nrog kev poob qis hauv kev tuag los ntawm kab mob plawv (Daim duab 4). Ntawm cov neeg uas tau koom nrog NHANES daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, uas tau ua raws li mus txog yim xyoo ntawm 1988-1994 thiab 1999-2004, 25% ntawm tag nrho cov kev txo qis hauv cov kab mob plawv yog vim txo cov ntshav txhuas.
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm phasing tawm cov roj lead, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntshav siab nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States poob sharply. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1976 thiab 1980, 32 feem pua ntawm cov neeg laus Asmeskas muaj ntshav siab. Xyoo 1988-1992, qhov kev faib ua feem tsuas yog 20%. Cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj (kev haus luam yeeb, tshuaj ntshav siab, rog rog, thiab txawm tias qhov loj dua ntawm lub cuff siv los ntsuas ntshav siab hauv cov neeg rog rog) tsis piav qhia txog qhov poob ntawm cov ntshav siab. Txawm li cas los xij, qib nruab nrab ntawm cov hlau lead hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau nqis los ntawm 130 μg / L hauv xyoo 1976 mus rau 30 μg / L hauv xyoo 1994, qhia tias qhov poob ntawm cov hlau lead yog ib qho laj thawj rau cov ntshav siab poob. Hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Tsev Neeg Muaj Zog, uas suav nrog American Indian pawg, cov ntshav lead hauv cov ntshav txo qis los ntawm ≥9 μg / L thiab cov ntshav siab systolic txo qis los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm 7.1 mm Hg (tus nqi kho).
Muaj ntau cov lus nug tseem tsis tau teb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau lead raug rau kab mob plawv. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev kis tus kab mob yuav tsum tau ua rau kub siab lossis kab mob plawv tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho, tab sis qhov ntev ntawm cov hlau lead raug ntsuas hauv cov pob txha zoo li muaj lub zog kwv yees muaj zog dua li qhov raug luv luv ntsuas hauv cov ntshav. Txawm li cas los xij, txo qis cov hmoov txhuas zoo li txo cov ntshav siab thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag los ntawm cov kab mob plawv hauv 1 txog 2 xyoos. Ib xyoos tom qab txwv cov roj coj los ntawm kev sib tw NASCAR, cov zej zog nyob ze ntawm txoj kev taug qab tau txo qis qis ntawm cov kab mob plawv tuag piv nrog ntau cov zej zog peripheral. Thaum kawg, yuav tsum tau kawm txog cov kev mob plawv mus sij hawm ntev hauv cov neeg uas raug cov hmoov txhuas hauv qab 10 μg / L.
Kev txo qis rau lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg kuj ua rau txo qis hauv cov kab mob plawv. Phasing tawm cov roj av coj los ntawm xyoo 1980 txog 2000 txo cov teeb meem hauv 51 lub nroog, uas ua rau 15 feem pua nce hauv lub neej expectancy. Tsawg tus neeg haus luam yeeb. Xyoo 1970, kwv yees li 37 feem pua ntawm cov neeg laus Asmeskas haus luam yeeb; Los ntawm 1990, tsuas yog 25 feem pua ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas haus luam yeeb. Cov neeg haus luam yeeb muaj cov ntshav txhuas ntau dua li cov neeg tsis haus luam yeeb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tease tawm cov keeb kwm thiab tam sim no los ntawm huab cua paug, haus luam yeeb thiab ua rau cov kab mob plawv.
Kab mob plawv Coronary yog qhov ua rau tuag thoob ntiaj teb. Ntau tshaj li kaum ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev kis kab mob txhuas yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab feem ntau saib tsis taus qhov kev pheej hmoo rau kev tuag los ntawm kab mob plawv. Hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam meta, Chowdhury thiab al pom tau tias cov ntshav lead hauv cov ntshav siab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob plawv. Hauv yim txoj kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej (nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 91,779 tus neeg koom), cov neeg uas muaj cov ntshav lead ntau hauv cov quintile siab tshaj plaws muaj 85% kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev tsis tuag myocardial infarction, bypass phais, lossis tuag los ntawm cov kab mob plawv ntau dua li cov neeg nyob hauv qis tshaj quintile. Xyoo 2013, Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Ib puag ncig (EPA)
Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv tau txiav txim siab tias kev raug txhuas yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kab mob plawv; Ib xyoo caum tom qab, American Heart Association tau pom zoo qhov kev txiav txim.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-02-2024